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An overview of musical hardware and software

File format

The most common file format is MIDI, which stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. This is a means by which computers and musical instruments can communicate. For more info: please see this document: Desktop Music Handbook

Components:
(from http://www.computermusic.co.uk/basics/basics.asp )

Synthesizer:
Controller:
Sampler:

Lists of hardware manufacturers of each component

Lexicon: producer of midi editor products such as , Midi Quest
Yamaha
Creative Lab
Casio: like Yamaha, this Japanese producer is a big name in the eletronic/ digital manufacturing field. As for keyboards, Casio is Yamaha's biggest competitor.
Kurzweil
Alesis: producer of synthesizer, mix system and software to go with its hardware